With < 5627 wild black rhinos 4 and < 240 black rhinos in ex-situ management worldwide 5, 6, the health and welfare of the ex-situ population is a high priority for the conservation community. However, the ex-situ population experiences its own threats to survival related to several unusual disease syndromes not typically observed among their wild counterparts 2, 3. The extinction risk for wild black rhinos necessitates that self-sustaining ex-situ (zoo or breeding center housed) populations be maintained to serve as a genetic reservoir against impending extinction threats. The critically endangered black rhinoceros ( Diceros bicornis) experiences extinction threats in-situ due to poaching pressures 1. Findings further implicate mitochondrial and immune dysfunction as key contributors for the diverse disease syndromes reported in ex-situ managed black rhinos. This study represents the first systematic characterization of the circulating serum metabolome in the black rhinoceros. Assessment of healthy versus diseased rhinos indicates involvement of arachidonic acid metabolism, bile acid biosynthesis, and the pentose phosphate pathway in animals exhibiting inflammatory disease syndromes. Results suggest dysregulation of propanoate, amino acid metabolism, and bile acid biosynthesis in the subspecies and sex comparisons. Of the 636 metabolites detected, several were differentially (fold change > 1.5 p < 0.05) expressed between EBR vs. We performed an untargeted metabolomic analysis of serum from 30 ex-situ housed black rhinos (Eastern black rhino, EBR, n = 14 animals Southern black rhino, SBR, n = 16 animals) and analyzed differences in metabolite profiles between subspecies, sex, and health status (healthy n = 13 vs. The ex-situ population, which serves as a genetic reservoir against impending extinction threats, experiences its own threats to survival related to several disease syndromes not typically observed among their wild counterparts. The critically endangered black rhinoceros ( Diceros bicornis black rhino) experiences extinction threats from poaching in-situ.
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